Smart Local Energy Systems: Optimal Planning of Stand-Alone Hybrid Green Power Systems for On-Line Charging of Electric Vehicles

Multi-vector smart local energy systems are playing an increasingly importantly role in the fast-track decarbonisation of our global services. An emergent contributor to is green hydrogen. Green hydrogen can remove or reduce burden electrification heat and transport on networks provide a sustainable resource. In this paper, we explore how optimally design standalone hybrid power system (HGPS) supply specific load demand with on-line charging Electric Vehicles (EV). The HGPS includes wind turbine (WT) units, photovoltaic (PV) arrays, electrolyser fuel cell (FC). For reliability analysis, it assumed that WT, PV, DC/AC converter, EV charger also be sources potential failure. Our methodology utilises particle swarm optimization, coupled range scenarios as fully evaluate varying interdependences importance economic indices, for HGPS. analysis indicates peak loading have significant impact HGPS, resulting reductions indices therefore enhance operation reduces overall cost. demonstrates understanding within multi-vector optimization framework, ensure viable resilient